1. What is the major function of the respiratory system? What four processes are necessary to accomplish this function?
2. Describe the two functional divisions of the Respiratory System?
3. Review respiratory anatomy from lab.
4. Review Respiratory Anatomy
5. Review Quiz Respiratory Anatomy
6. What are the structures of the conducting zone? What three changes occur as the conducting tubes becomes smaller?
7. What is the respiratory zone?
8. What is the respiratory membrane? Define Type I cells and Type II cells. What three significant features characterize the alveoli?
9. Respiratory Membrane Animation
10. Alveolar Pore Picture
11. Interactive Review of Alveoli
12. Animation Oxygen Into Lung and Respiratory Membrane
13. What are the two phases of breathing or pulmonary ventilation?
14. Define atmospheric pressure. What does a negative respiratory pressure indicate?
15. Define intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure. What forces produce negative intrapleural pressure?
16. What is the transpulmonary pressure and what is its significance?
17. Define atelectasis. How does it occur? Define pneumothorax.
18. What rule is important to pulmonary ventilation (breathing)?
19. Describe Boyle’s law. How is it related to ventilation?
20. Describe the action of the diaphragm and External intercostals muscles during inspiration. What muscles are used during forced inspiration and what is their action? When does forced inspiration occur?
21. Distinguish between quiet and forced exhalation.
22. What factors increase and decrease air flow?
23. Describe surface tension. What is surfactant and why is it important? What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
24. Define lung compliance. What two factors determine lung compliance?
25. Define the respiratory volumes: tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve and residual.
26. Define the respiratory capacities: inspiratory, functional residual, vital and total lung. What is the anatomical dead space?
27. Interactive Review Lung Volumes and Capacities
28. Describe Dalton’s Law of partial pressures.
29. Review Partial Pressure Changes>/a>
30. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Exchange Animation
31. Describe Henry’s Law. Under what conditions does a gas dissolve best in a liquid? Describe a clinical application of Henry’s Law.
32. Describe the composition of alveolar gas. Describe why it is different than the composition of the atmosphere which respect to partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (See table 22.4)
33. Define external respiration. What 3 factors influence oxygen and carbon dioxide movement across the respiratory membrane?
34. Describe internal respiration.
35. Describe the two ways oxygen is transported in the blood. What % of oxygen is carried by each?
36. Define oxyhemoglobin (HB02) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb). When is hemoglobin considered fully and partially saturated?
37. What is the influence of P02 on hemoglobin saturation? In what general way do pH, temperature, BPG and PCO2 affect hemoglobin saturation?
38. Review for Factors that Affect Association-Dissociation of Oxygen/Hemoglobin
39. Define hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, ischemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia and hypoxemic hypoxia. Describe CO poisoning.
40. Describe the 3 ways carbon dioxide is carried in the blood and the % of CO2 each one transports. What is the action of carbonic anhydrase?
41. What is the Haldane effect?
42. What is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?
43. What is the importance of the medulla to breathing? What are the two respiratory centers in the medulla? How does the Inspiratory center (VRG) work and what is eupnea? When is the DRG active?
44. What is the role of the pons in respiratory control and what respiratory center is located there?
45. Describe the pulmonary irritant reflexes. What is the inflation reflex?
46. What are the effects of the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex on the control of respiration?
47. What are chemoreceptors? Where are the central and peripheral chemoreceptors located?
48. What is the effect of PCO2 on respiratory rate? Define hypercapnia and hyperventilation. What is the effect of hypocapnia? What is hypoventilation and apnea?
49. Which chemoreceptors monitor PO2? When does PO2 become a stimulus for ventilation? What is hypoxic drive?
50. Summarize the effects of PCO2, PO2, and arterial pH on respiration.
51. What is COPD and what conditions are included? What do they have in common? Describe obstructive emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
52. Review Game for Respiratory Terms

Chapter 22
The Digestive System

1. What are the two main groups of digestive organs?
2. Define alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract and its two main functions.
3. Describe the accessory organs and their main contribution to the digestive process.
4. List and describe the six essential activities involved in processing food within the digestive tract.
5. How is homeostasis different in the digestive tract? What two factors describe the regulatory mechanisms of the digestive tract?
6. Review the anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal and the accessory organs from the lab.
7. What is the relationship of the digestive organs to the peritoneum?
8. Define mucosa, its functions and layers.
9. Describe submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.
10. What role do lips, cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue have in digestion?
11. What are the functions of saliva? Name and briefly describe the 3 extrinsic salivary glands.
12. What is the composition of saliva? How is the secretion of saliva controlled?
13. Trace the pathway of the food from the mouth to the stomach; include definitions of oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophageal hiatus, cardiac or gastroesophageal sphincter.
14. Describe GERD. What is a hiatus hernia?
15. Animation of GERD
16. Describe the five special features of the esophageal wall?
17. List and describe the digestive processes that occur in the mouth, pharynx and esophagus. Be sure to include definitions of mastication, deglutition, buccal phase, pharyngeal-esophageal phase.
18. What is the overall function of the stomach? Review its gross anatomy and its histology from the lab.
19. Define gastric pits, gastric glands and gastric juice. Describe mucous neck cells, parietal or oxyntic cells, chief or zymogenic cells and enteroendocrine cells.
20. Animation of Acid Secretion
21. What is the mucosal barrier? Why is it necessary? What four factors create this barrier? What are gastric ulcers and what causes them?
22. How does the stomach of a child differ from an adult?
23. What two mechanisms control gastric secretions? Define the Cephalic(reflex) phase,the gastric phase and the intestinal phase.Include defintions of G cells and alkaline tide.
24. Describe the intestinal(enteric)phase. Include intestinal(enteric) gastrin. Describe the enterogastric reflex. What are the 3 entergastrones and what is their role?
25. Three phases of gastric secretion Animation
26. What factors influence the rate of gastric emptying?
27. Define emesis. What are its causes? What part of the brain is involved?
28. Review the anatomy of the small intestine from lab.
29. What are the modifications for absorption? What are the brush border enzymes?
30. Describe the histology; define intestinal crypts, Paneth cells, Peyer's patches, Brunner's glands.
31. What is the composition of intestinal juice? What stimulates its production?
32. Take note of Table 22.1 on page 776. It is an excellent review of the digestive organs and their functions.
33. What is the digestive function of the liver? What is the role of the gall bladder?
34. Define hepatitis. Describe the different versions.Define cirrhosis.
35. Describe the composition of the bile.Describe the regulation and release of bile into the small intestine.
36. Describe the composition of pancreatic juice.How is pancreatic secretion regulated?
37. What are the requirements for optimal intestinal digestive activity? How is intestinal motility regulated?
38. Review the anatomy of the large intestine from lab.
39. What are the bacteria flora? What do they do? Is there digestive activity in the large intestine?
40. Describe the motility of the large intestine; include haustral contractions, mass movements and the gastrocolic reflex.
41. What is diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
42. Describe the defecation reflex. Define diarrhea and constipation.
43. What is chemical digestion? Review Handout on Summary of Chemical Events in Digestion and how each nutrient is absorbed.
44. Fatty Acid Metabolism Animation
45. Describe the absorption process in general.
46. Review Digestive Organs and Secretions
47. Review Digestive Organs and Secretions